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IP Routing Advanced Info
This guide will be updated with more info now & then! Want to know what makes the internet work? Here you can find some info at least :)
WAN Protocols
Frame Relay
Frame relay is a high-speed communications technology that is used in hundreds of networks throughout the world to connect LAN, SNA, Internet and even voice applications.
Simply put, frame relay is a way of sending information over a wide area network (WAN) that divides the information into frames or packets. Each frame has an address that the network uses to determine the destination of the frame. The frames travel through a series of switches within the frame relay network and arrive at their destination.
Frame relay employs a simple form of packet switching that is well-suited to powerful PCs, workstations and servers that operate with intelligent protocols, such as SNA and TCP/IP. As a result, frame relay offers high throughput and reliability that is perfect for a variety of today's business applications.(source)
Simply put, frame relay is a way of sending information over a wide area network (WAN) that divides the information into frames or packets. Each frame has an address that the network uses to determine the destination of the frame. The frames travel through a series of switches within the frame relay network and arrive at their destination.
Frame relay employs a simple form of packet switching that is well-suited to powerful PCs, workstations and servers that operate with intelligent protocols, such as SNA and TCP/IP. As a result, frame relay offers high throughput and reliability that is perfect for a variety of today's business applications.(source)
Frame Relay is derived from concepts and standards that were developed for ISDN, it also borrows features from X25 (concept of virtual circuits). Unlike X25 (Layer3) it operates at Layer 2 or frame layer (cfr OSI).
Components of a Frame Relay Network:
- Customer Premises Equipment (CPE): can be a host/router/bridge
- Access line: connect CPE with the DCE (frame relay switch in this case), can be ISDN/T1/E1
- Frame Relay Switch: acts as the DCE for the CPE ;)
- PVCs: these connect multiple remote sites through the access line. A PVC is a dedicated path between two DTE´s (End User Equipment) and is supplied by the Frame Relay Provider. Many PVCs can coexist , so they share the bandwidth of the transmission line.
Frame Relay Topologies
2 types of topologies:
* Fully meshed topology (for simple networks): every site has a defined PVC to all other sites.
* Non-fully meshed topology: PVCs exist only between sites that need to communicate, these come in 2 types:
**- Redundant paths (partial mesh)
**- Hub and Spoke (or star)
My l33t MS Paint skillz @ work :)
These topologies are put in place by the provider based on the customer needs.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
PPP is a method of routing or bridging datagrams between peer routers or other devices over serial point-to-point links.
PPP Serves 3 functions:
- Link managment
- Network layer connection and managment
- Multiprotocol encapsulation
PPP consists of 2 components: LCP / NCP (Link Control Protocol / Network Control Protocol)
LCP: opens, configures and terminates the line. Authentication with PAP or CHAP. Link Integrity using Link Quality Monitoring (LQM). If LCP does not successfully open a link, NCP cannot run
NCP: opens, configures and closes network layer protocol communication
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